From b47f6c38389762aff3b1b86c179517d3e9d9eb87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: nsfisis <nsfisis@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Apr 2025 23:26:56 +0900
Subject: refactor: add BitOps component

---
 src/BitOps/BinaryConversion.php          | 256 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/BitOps/FloatOps.php                  |  40 +++++
 src/BitOps/FloatTraits.php               |  50 ++++++
 src/BitOps/PackFloatSpecifiers.php       |  11 ++
 src/BitOps/PackIntSpecifiers.php         |  14 ++
 src/BitOps/Signedness.php                |  24 +++
 src/BitOps/UnpackFloatSpecifiers.php     |  19 +++
 src/BitOps/UnpackIntSpecifiers.php       |  24 +++
 src/WebAssembly/BinaryFormat/Decoder.php |  30 +---
 src/WebAssembly/Execution/NumericOps.php | 243 +++++------------------------
 10 files changed, 479 insertions(+), 232 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/BinaryConversion.php
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/FloatOps.php
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/FloatTraits.php
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/PackFloatSpecifiers.php
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/PackIntSpecifiers.php
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/Signedness.php
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/UnpackFloatSpecifiers.php
 create mode 100644 src/BitOps/UnpackIntSpecifiers.php

(limited to 'src')

diff --git a/src/BitOps/BinaryConversion.php b/src/BitOps/BinaryConversion.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14b33c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/BinaryConversion.php
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+use function assert;
+use function is_float;
+use function is_int;
+use function ord;
+use function pack;
+use function strlen;
+use function unpack;
+
+final readonly class BinaryConversion
+{
+    private function __construct()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public static function serializeI8(int $x): string
+    {
+        return self::packInt(PackIntSpecifiers::Int8, $x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public static function serializeI16(int $x): string
+    {
+        return self::packInt(PackIntSpecifiers::Int16LittleEndian, $x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public static function serializeI32(int $x): string
+    {
+        return self::packInt(PackIntSpecifiers::Int32LittleEndian, $x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public static function serializeI64(int $x): string
+    {
+        return self::packInt(PackIntSpecifiers::Int64LittleEndian, $x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public static function serializeI64InBigEndian(int $x): string
+    {
+        return self::packInt(PackIntSpecifiers::Int64BigEndian, $x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public static function serializeF32(float $x): string
+    {
+        // PHP's pack() does not preserve NaN payload bits, so we have to
+        // manually check if the float is NaN and convert it to a 32-bit float.
+        if (is_nan($x)) {
+            [$sign, , $payload] = FloatOps::destructF64Bits($x);
+            $i = 0
+                | FloatTraits::getF32SignBit(Signedness::fromSignBit($sign))
+                | FloatTraits::F32_EXPONENT_NAN
+                | ($payload >> (FloatTraits::F64_MANTISSA_BITS - FloatTraits::F32_MANTISSA_BITS));
+            return self::packInt(PackIntSpecifiers::Int32LittleEndian, $i);
+        } else {
+            return self::packFloat(PackFloatSpecifiers::Float32LittleEndian, $x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    public static function serializeF64(float $x): string
+    {
+        return self::packFloat(PackFloatSpecifiers::Float64LittleEndian, $x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    public static function deserializeS8(string $s): int
+    {
+        return self::unpackInt(UnpackIntSpecifiers::SignedInt8, $s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    public static function deserializeS16(string $s): int
+    {
+        // PHP does not support unpacking signed integer in fixed endian, so we
+        // have to swap byte order if the machine's endianness is not little
+        // endian.
+        return self::unpackInt(UnpackIntSpecifiers::SignedInt16MachineOrder, self::byteSwapIfNeeded($s));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    public static function deserializeS32(string $s): int
+    {
+        // PHP does not support unpacking signed integer in fixed endian, so we
+        // have to swap byte order if the machine's endianness is not little
+        // endian.
+        return self::unpackInt(UnpackIntSpecifiers::SignedInt32MachineOrder, self::byteSwapIfNeeded($s));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    public static function deserializeS64(string $s): int
+    {
+        // PHP does not support unpacking signed integer in fixed endian, so we
+        // have to swap byte order if the machine's endianness is not little
+        // endian.
+        return self::unpackInt(UnpackIntSpecifiers::SignedInt64MachineOrder, self::byteSwapIfNeeded($s));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    public static function deserializeF32(string $s): float
+    {
+        // PHP's unpack() does not preserve NaN payload bits, so we have to
+        // manually check if the float is NaN and convert it to a 32-bit float.
+        $i = self::unpackInt(UnpackIntSpecifiers::UnsignedInt32LittleEndian, $s);
+        if (($i & FloatTraits::F32_EXPONENT_MASK) === FloatTraits::F32_EXPONENT_NAN) {
+            $sign = $i & FloatTraits::F32_SIGN_MASK;
+            $payload = $i & FloatTraits::F32_MANTISSA_MASK;
+            $j = 0 |
+                FloatTraits::getF64SignBit(Signedness::fromSignBit($sign)) |
+                FloatTraits::F64_EXPONENT_NAN |
+                ($payload << (FloatTraits::F64_MANTISSA_BITS - FloatTraits::F32_MANTISSA_BITS));
+            return self::unpackFloat(UnpackFloatSpecifiers::Float64LittleEndian, self::packInt(PackIntSpecifiers::Int64LittleEndian, $j));
+        } else {
+            return self::unpackFloat(UnpackFloatSpecifiers::Float32LittleEndian, $s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    public static function deserializeF64(string $s): float
+    {
+        return self::unpackFloat(UnpackFloatSpecifiers::Float64LittleEndian, $s);
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretI32AsF32(int $x): float
+    {
+        return self::deserializeF32(self::serializeI32($x));
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretI64AsF32(int $x): float
+    {
+        return self::deserializeF32(self::serializeI64($x));
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretI32AsF64(int $x): float
+    {
+        return self::deserializeF64(self::serializeI32($x));
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretI64AsF64(int $x): float
+    {
+        return self::deserializeF64(self::serializeI64($x));
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretF32AsI32(float $x): int
+    {
+        return self::deserializeS32(self::serializeF32($x));
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretF64AsI32(float $x): int
+    {
+        return self::deserializeS32(self::serializeF64($x));
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretF32AsI64(float $x): int
+    {
+        return self::deserializeS64(self::serializeF32($x));
+    }
+
+    public static function reinterpretF64AsI64(float $x): int
+    {
+        return self::deserializeS64(self::serializeF64($x));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    private static function packInt(PackIntSpecifiers $spec, int $x): string
+    {
+        $result = pack($spec->value, $x);
+        assert($result !== '');
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    private static function packFloat(PackFloatSpecifiers $spec, float $x): string
+    {
+        $result = pack($spec->value, $x);
+        assert($result !== '');
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    private static function unpackInt(UnpackIntSpecifiers $spec, string $s): int
+    {
+        assert(strlen($s) === $spec->byteCount());
+        $result = unpack($spec->value, $s);
+        assert($result !== false && isset($result[1]) && is_int($result[1]));
+        return $result[1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     */
+    private static function unpackFloat(UnpackFloatSpecifiers $spec, string $s): float
+    {
+        assert(strlen($s) === $spec->byteCount());
+        $result = unpack($spec->value, $s);
+        assert($result !== false && isset($result[1]) && is_float($result[1]));
+        return $result[1];
+    }
+
+    private static function isLittleEndian(): bool
+    {
+        return pack("s", ord("a"))[0] === "a";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-empty-string $s
+     * @return non-empty-string
+     */
+    private static function byteSwapIfNeeded(string $s): string
+    {
+        // note: currently phpstan cannot infer that strrev(non-empty-string) returns non-empty-string.
+        $ret = self::isLittleEndian() ? $s : strrev($s);
+        assert($ret !== '');
+        return $ret;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/BitOps/FloatOps.php b/src/BitOps/FloatOps.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb6cbc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/FloatOps.php
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+final readonly class FloatOps
+{
+    private function __construct()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{int, int, int}
+     */
+    public static function destructF64Bits(float $x): array
+    {
+        $i = BinaryConversion::deserializeS64(BinaryConversion::serializeF64($x));
+        return [
+            $i & FloatTraits::F64_SIGN_MASK,
+            $i & FloatTraits::F64_EXPONENT_MASK,
+            $i & FloatTraits::F64_MANTISSA_MASK,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public static function constructNan(Signedness $sign, float $x): float
+    {
+        [, , $payload] = self::destructF64Bits($x);
+        $i = 0 |
+            FloatTraits::getF64SignBit($sign) |
+            FloatTraits::F64_EXPONENT_NAN |
+            $payload;
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeF64(BinaryConversion::serializeI64($i));
+    }
+
+    public static function getSignedness(float $x): Signedness
+    {
+        return self::destructF64Bits($x)[0] === 0 ? Signedness::Unsigned : Signedness::Signed;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/BitOps/FloatTraits.php b/src/BitOps/FloatTraits.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dca9e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/FloatTraits.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+final readonly class FloatTraits
+{
+    public const int F32_EXPONENT_BITS = 8;
+    public const int F32_MANTISSA_BITS = 23;
+
+    public const int F32_SIGN_MASK = 0b10000000_00000000_00000000_00000000;
+    public const int F32_EXPONENT_MASK = 0b01111111_10000000_00000000_00000000;
+    public const int F32_MANTISSA_MASK = 0b00000000_01111111_11111111_11111111;
+
+    public const int F32_SIGN_UNSIGNED = 0;
+    public const int F32_SIGN_SIGNED = 0b10000000_00000000_00000000_00000000;
+    public const int F32_EXPONENT_NAN = 0b01111111_10000000_00000000_00000000;
+
+    public const int F64_EXPONENT_BITS = 11;
+    public const int F64_MANTISSA_BITS = 52;
+
+    public const int F64_SIGN_MASK = PHP_INT_MIN;
+    public const int F64_EXPONENT_MASK = 0b01111111_11110000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000;
+    public const int F64_MANTISSA_MASK = 0b00000000_00001111_11111111_11111111_11111111_11111111_11111111_11111111;
+
+    public const int F64_SIGN_UNSIGNED = 0;
+    public const int F64_SIGN_SIGNED = PHP_INT_MIN;
+    public const int F64_EXPONENT_NAN = 0b01111111_11110000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000;
+
+    private function __construct()
+    {
+    }
+
+    public static function getF32SignBit(Signedness $sign): int
+    {
+        return match ($sign) {
+            Signedness::Unsigned => self::F32_SIGN_UNSIGNED,
+            Signedness::Signed => self::F32_SIGN_SIGNED,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static function getF64SignBit(Signedness $sign): int
+    {
+        return match ($sign) {
+            Signedness::Unsigned => self::F64_SIGN_UNSIGNED,
+            Signedness::Signed => self::F64_SIGN_SIGNED,
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/BitOps/PackFloatSpecifiers.php b/src/BitOps/PackFloatSpecifiers.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..645cae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/PackFloatSpecifiers.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+enum PackFloatSpecifiers: string
+{
+    case Float32LittleEndian = 'g';
+    case Float64LittleEndian = 'e';
+}
diff --git a/src/BitOps/PackIntSpecifiers.php b/src/BitOps/PackIntSpecifiers.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da10ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/PackIntSpecifiers.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+enum PackIntSpecifiers: string
+{
+    case Int8 = 'c';
+    case Int16LittleEndian = 'v';
+    case Int32LittleEndian = 'V';
+    case Int64BigEndian = 'J';
+    case Int64LittleEndian = 'P';
+}
diff --git a/src/BitOps/Signedness.php b/src/BitOps/Signedness.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80cd03b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/Signedness.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+enum Signedness
+{
+    case Unsigned;
+    case Signed;
+
+    public static function fromSignBit(int $b): self
+    {
+        return $b === 0 ? self::Unsigned : self::Signed;
+    }
+
+    public function negated(): self
+    {
+        return match ($this) {
+            self::Unsigned => self::Signed,
+            self::Signed => self::Unsigned,
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/BitOps/UnpackFloatSpecifiers.php b/src/BitOps/UnpackFloatSpecifiers.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a3aa4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/UnpackFloatSpecifiers.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+enum UnpackFloatSpecifiers: string
+{
+    case Float32LittleEndian = 'g';
+    case Float64LittleEndian = 'e';
+
+    public function byteCount(): int
+    {
+        return match ($this) {
+            self::Float32LittleEndian => 4,
+            self::Float64LittleEndian => 8,
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/BitOps/UnpackIntSpecifiers.php b/src/BitOps/UnpackIntSpecifiers.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be210f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BitOps/UnpackIntSpecifiers.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps;
+
+enum UnpackIntSpecifiers: string
+{
+    case SignedInt8 = 'c';
+    case SignedInt16MachineOrder = 's';
+    case SignedInt32MachineOrder = 'l';
+    case UnsignedInt32LittleEndian = 'V';
+    case SignedInt64MachineOrder = 'q';
+
+    public function byteCount(): int
+    {
+        return match ($this) {
+            self::SignedInt8 => 1,
+            self::SignedInt16MachineOrder => 2,
+            self::SignedInt32MachineOrder, self::UnsignedInt32LittleEndian => 4,
+            self::SignedInt64MachineOrder => 8,
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/WebAssembly/BinaryFormat/Decoder.php b/src/WebAssembly/BinaryFormat/Decoder.php
index cce3c5c..f0a5c29 100644
--- a/src/WebAssembly/BinaryFormat/Decoder.php
+++ b/src/WebAssembly/BinaryFormat/Decoder.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\WebAssembly\BinaryFormat;
 
+use Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps\BinaryConversion;
 use Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\Stream\StreamInterface;
 use Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\Stream\UnexpectedEofException;
 use Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\WebAssembly\BinaryFormat\Internal\Code;
@@ -39,7 +40,6 @@ use function assert;
 use function count;
 use function get_class;
 use function in_array;
-use function is_float;
 use function is_int;
 use function ord;
 use function sprintf;
@@ -1090,25 +1090,7 @@ final class Decoder
      */
     private function decodeF32(): float
     {
-        $buf = $this->stream->read(4);
-        $result = unpack('V', $buf);
-        if ($result === false) {
-            throw new InvalidBinaryFormatException("f32");
-        }
-        assert(isset($result[1]) && is_int($result[1]));
-        $i = $result[1];
-        if (($i & 0b01111111100000000000000000000000) === 0b01111111100000000000000000000000) {
-            $sign = ($i & 0b10000000000000000000000000000000) === 0 ? 1 : -1;
-            $payload = $i & 0b00000000011111111111111111111111;
-            $j = ($sign === 1 ? 0 : PHP_INT_MIN) | 0b0111111111110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 | ($payload << (52 - 23));
-            $result = unpack('d', pack('q', $j));
-            assert(isset($result[1]) && is_float($result[1]));
-            return $result[1];
-        } else {
-            $result = unpack('g', $buf);
-            assert(isset($result[1]) && is_float($result[1]));
-            return $result[1];
-        }
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeF32($this->stream->read(4));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1116,13 +1098,7 @@ final class Decoder
      */
     private function decodeF64(): float
     {
-        $buf = $this->stream->read(8);
-        $result = unpack('e', $buf);
-        if ($result === false) {
-            throw new InvalidBinaryFormatException("f64");
-        }
-        assert(isset($result[1]) && is_float($result[1]));
-        return $result[1];
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeF64($this->stream->read(8));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/WebAssembly/Execution/NumericOps.php b/src/WebAssembly/Execution/NumericOps.php
index 8c061bd..2b48679 100644
--- a/src/WebAssembly/Execution/NumericOps.php
+++ b/src/WebAssembly/Execution/NumericOps.php
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\WebAssembly\Execution;
 
 use FFI;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps\BinaryConversion;
+use Nsfisis\Waddiwasi\BitOps\FloatOps;
 use RoundingMode;
 use function abs;
 use function assert;
@@ -25,12 +26,10 @@ use function is_int;
 use function is_nan;
 use function max;
 use function min;
-use function pack;
 use function round;
 use function sprintf;
 use function sqrt;
 use function substr;
-use function unpack;
 use const PHP_INT_MAX;
 use const PHP_INT_MIN;
 
@@ -82,14 +81,18 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function f32CopySign(float $x, float $y): float
     {
-        $xSign = self::getFloatSign($x);
-        $ySign = self::getFloatSign($y);
+        $xSign = FloatOps::getSignedness($x);
+        $ySign = FloatOps::getSignedness($y);
         return $xSign === $ySign ? $x : self::f32Neg($x);
     }
 
     public static function f32DemoteF64(float $x): float
     {
-        return self::truncateF64ToF32($x);
+        if (is_nan($x)) {
+            return NAN;
+        } else {
+            return self::truncateF64ToF32($x);
+        }
     }
 
     public static function f32Div(float $x, float $y): float
@@ -168,10 +171,9 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function f32Neg(float $x): float
     {
-        self::reinterpretF32AsI32($x);
         if (is_nan($x)) {
             // Negate operator does not work for NaN in PHP.
-            return self::constructNan(-self::getFloatSign($x), $x);
+            return FloatOps::constructNan(FloatOps::getSignedness($x)->negated(), $x);
         } else {
             return -$x;
         }
@@ -179,12 +181,12 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function f32ReinterpretI32(int $x): float
     {
-        return self::reinterpretI32AsF32($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretI32AsF32($x);
     }
 
     public static function f32ReinterpretI64(int $x): float
     {
-        return self::reinterpretI64AsF32($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretI64AsF32($x);
     }
 
     public static function f32Sqrt(float $x): float
@@ -251,8 +253,8 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function f64CopySign(float $x, float $y): float
     {
-        $xSign = self::getFloatSign($x);
-        $ySign = self::getFloatSign($y);
+        $xSign = FloatOps::getSignedness($x);
+        $ySign = FloatOps::getSignedness($y);
         return $xSign === $ySign ? $x : self::f64Neg($x);
     }
 
@@ -334,7 +336,7 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
     {
         if (is_nan($x)) {
             // Negate operator does not work for NaN in PHP.
-            return self::constructNan(-self::getFloatSign($x), $x);
+            return FloatOps::constructNan(FloatOps::getSignedness($x)->negated(), $x);
         } else {
             return -$x;
         }
@@ -351,12 +353,12 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function f64ReinterpretI32(int $x): float
     {
-        return self::reinterpretI32AsF64($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretI32AsF64($x);
     }
 
     public static function f64ReinterpretI64(int $x): float
     {
-        return self::reinterpretI64AsF64($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretI64AsF64($x);
     }
 
     public static function f64Sqrt(float $x): float
@@ -455,17 +457,13 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
     public static function i32Extend16S(int $x): int
     {
         $x = self::convertS32ToU32($x);
-        $result = unpack('s', pack('S', $x & 0xFFFF));
-        assert($result !== false);
-        return $result[1];
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeS16(BinaryConversion::serializeI16($x & 0xFFFF));
     }
 
     public static function i32Extend8S(int $x): int
     {
         $x = self::convertS32ToU32($x);
-        $result = unpack('c', pack('C', $x & 0xFF));
-        assert($result !== false);
-        return $result[1];
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeS8(BinaryConversion::serializeI8($x & 0xFF));
     }
 
     public static function i32GeS(int $x, int $y): bool
@@ -547,12 +545,12 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function i32ReinterpretF32(float $x): int
     {
-        return self::reinterpretF32AsI32($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretF32AsI32($x);
     }
 
     public static function i32ReinterpretF64(float $x): int
     {
-        return self::reinterpretF64AsI32($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretF64AsI32($x);
     }
 
     public static function i32RemS(int $x, int $y): int|TrapKind
@@ -836,23 +834,17 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function i64Extend16S(int $x): int
     {
-        $result = unpack('s', pack('S', $x & 0xFFFF));
-        assert($result !== false);
-        return $result[1];
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeS16(BinaryConversion::serializeI16($x & 0xFFFF));
     }
 
     public static function i64Extend32S(int $x): int
     {
-        $result = unpack('l', pack('L', $x & 0xFFFFFFFF));
-        assert($result !== false);
-        return $result[1];
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeS32(BinaryConversion::serializeI32($x & 0xFFFFFFFF));
     }
 
     public static function i64Extend8S(int $x): int
     {
-        $result = unpack('c', pack('C', $x & 0xFF));
-        assert($result !== false);
-        return $result[1];
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeS8(BinaryConversion::serializeI8($x & 0xFF));
     }
 
     public static function i64ExtendI32S(int $x): int
@@ -873,8 +865,8 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function i64GeU(int $x, int $y): bool
     {
-        $yPacked = pack('J', $y);
-        $xPacked = pack('J', $x);
+        $yPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($y);
+        $xPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($x);
         return $xPacked >= $yPacked;
     }
 
@@ -885,8 +877,8 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function i64GtU(int $x, int $y): bool
     {
-        $yPacked = pack('J', $y);
-        $xPacked = pack('J', $x);
+        $yPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($y);
+        $xPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($x);
         return $xPacked > $yPacked;
     }
 
@@ -897,8 +889,8 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function i64LeU(int $x, int $y): bool
     {
-        $yPacked = pack('J', $y);
-        $xPacked = pack('J', $x);
+        $yPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($y);
+        $xPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($x);
         return $xPacked <= $yPacked;
     }
 
@@ -909,8 +901,8 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function i64LtU(int $x, int $y): bool
     {
-        $yPacked = pack('J', $y);
-        $xPacked = pack('J', $x);
+        $yPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($y);
+        $xPacked = BinaryConversion::serializeI64InBigEndian($x);
         return $xPacked < $yPacked;
     }
 
@@ -942,12 +934,12 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
 
     public static function i64ReinterpretF32(float $x): int
     {
-        return self::reinterpretF32AsI64($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretF32AsI64($x);
     }
 
     public static function i64ReinterpretF64(float $x): int
     {
-        return self::reinterpretF64AsI64($x);
+        return BinaryConversion::reinterpretF64AsI64($x);
     }
 
     public static function i64RemS(int $x, int $y): int|TrapKind
@@ -1147,133 +1139,17 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
         return $x ^ $y;
     }
 
-    public static function reinterpretI32AsF32(int $x): float
-    {
-        $y = self::convertS32ToU32($x);
-        if (($y & 0b01111111100000000000000000000000) === 0b01111111100000000000000000000000) {
-            $sign = ($y & 0b10000000000000000000000000000000) === 0 ? 1 : -1;
-            $payload = $y & 0b00000000011111111111111111111111;
-            $i = ($sign === 1 ? 0 : PHP_INT_MIN) | 0b0111111111110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 | ($payload << (52 - 23));
-            return self::reinterpretI64AsF64($i);
-        } else {
-            return self::deserializeF32FromBytes(self::serializeI32ToBytes($x));
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static function reinterpretI64AsF32(int $x): float
-    {
-        return self::deserializeF32FromBytes(self::serializeI64ToBytes($x));
-    }
-
-    public static function reinterpretI32AsF64(int $x): float
-    {
-        return self::deserializeF64FromBytes(self::serializeI32ToBytes($x));
-    }
-
-    public static function reinterpretI64AsF64(int $x): float
-    {
-        return self::deserializeF64FromBytes(self::serializeI64ToBytes($x));
-    }
-
-    public static function reinterpretF32AsI32(float $x): int
-    {
-        if (is_nan($x)) {
-            [$sign, , $payload] = self::destructFloat($x);
-            $i = 0
-                | ($sign === 0 ? 0 : 0b10000000000000000000000000000000)
-                | 0b01111111100000000000000000000000
-                | ($payload >> (52 - 23));
-            return self::convertU32ToS32($i);
-        } else {
-            return self::deserializeI32FromBytes(self::serializeF32ToBytes($x));
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static function reinterpretF64AsI32(float $x): int
-    {
-        return self::deserializeI32FromBytes(self::serializeF64ToBytes($x));
-    }
-
-    public static function reinterpretF32AsI64(float $x): int
-    {
-        return self::deserializeI64FromBytes(self::serializeF32ToBytes($x));
-    }
-
-    public static function reinterpretF64AsI64(float $x): int
-    {
-        return self::deserializeI64FromBytes(self::serializeF64ToBytes($x));
-    }
-
     public static function truncateF64ToF32(float $x): float
     {
-        return self::deserializeF32FromBytes(self::serializeF32ToBytes($x));
-    }
-
-    public static function serializeI32ToBytes(int $x): string
-    {
-        return pack('l', $x);
-    }
-
-    public static function deserializeI32FromBytes(string $s): int
-    {
-        $result = unpack('l', $s);
-        if ($result === false) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Failed to unpack i32: $s");
-        }
-        return $result[1];
-    }
-
-    public static function serializeI64ToBytes(int $x): string
-    {
-        return pack('q', $x);
-    }
-
-    public static function deserializeI64FromBytes(string $s): int
-    {
-        $result = unpack('q', $s);
-        if ($result === false) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Failed to unpack i64: $s");
-        }
-        return $result[1];
+        return BinaryConversion::deserializeF32(BinaryConversion::serializeF32($x));
     }
 
-    public static function serializeF32ToBytes(float $x): string
-    {
-        return pack('f', $x);
-    }
-
-    public static function deserializeF32FromBytes(string $s): float
-    {
-        $result = unpack('f', $s);
-        if ($result === false) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Failed to unpack f32: $s");
-        }
-        return $result[1];
-    }
-
-    public static function serializeF64ToBytes(float $x): string
-    {
-        return pack('d', $x);
-    }
-
-    public static function deserializeF64FromBytes(string $s): float
-    {
-        $result = unpack('d', $s);
-        if ($result === false) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Failed to unpack f64: $s");
-        }
-        return $result[1];
-    }
 
     public static function convertS32ToU32(int $x): int
     {
-        // assert(-0x80000000 <= $x && $x <= 0x7FFFFFFF, "convertS32ToU32: out of range $x");
+        assert(-0x80000000 <= $x && $x <= 0x7FFFFFFF);
         if ($x < 0) {
-            $buf = pack('l', $x);
-            $result = unpack('L', $buf);
-            assert($result !== false);
-            assert(0x00000000 <= $result[1] && $result[1] <= 0xFFFFFFFF, "convertS32ToU32: out of range $result[1]");
-            return $result[1];
+            return $x + 0x100000000;
         } else {
             return $x;
         }
@@ -1283,11 +1159,7 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
     {
         assert(0x00000000 <= $x && $x <= 0xFFFFFFFF);
         if (($x & 0x80000000) !== 0) {
-            $buf = pack('L', $x);
-            $result = unpack('l', $buf);
-            assert($result !== false);
-            assert(-0x80000000 <= $result[1] && $result[1] <= 0x7FFFFFFF, "convertU32ToS32: out of range $result[1]");
-            return $result[1];
+            return $x - 0x100000000;
         } else {
             return $x;
         }
@@ -1319,45 +1191,6 @@ final readonly class NumericOps
         return (int)$result;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @return 1|-1
-     */
-    public static function getFloatSign(float $p): int
-    {
-        if (is_nan($p)) {
-            $n = self::reinterpretF64AsI64($p);
-            // The MSB is the sign bit.
-            return (($n >> 63) & 1) === 1 ? -1 : 1;
-        } elseif ($p !== 0.0) {
-            return $p < 0.0 ? -1 : 1;
-        } else {
-            // Comparison with 0 does not work for -0.0.
-            return fdiv(1, $p) < 0.0 ? -1 : 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param -1|1 $sign
-     */
-    private static function constructNan(int $sign, float $x): float
-    {
-        [, , $payload] = self::destructFloat($x);
-        $i = ($sign === 1 ? 0 : PHP_INT_MIN) | 0b01111111_11110000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000 | $payload;
-        return self::reinterpretI64AsF64($i);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return array{int, int, int}
-     */
-    private static function destructFloat(float $x): array
-    {
-        $i = self::reinterpretF64AsI64($x);
-        return [
-            $i & PHP_INT_MIN,
-            $i & 0b01111111_11110000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000,
-            $i & 0b00000000_00001111_11111111_11111111_11111111_11111111_11111111_11111111,
-        ];
-    }
 
     private static function castBitIntToCFloat(string $x): float
     {
-- 
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