#import "@preview/touying:0.6.3": *
#import "@preview/codly:1.3.0": *
#import "@preview/cjk-unbreak:0.2.0": remove-cjk-break-space, transform-childs
#import "@preview/fletcher:0.5.8" as fletcher: diagram, node, edge
#import "setoka.typ": *

#show: codly-init.with()

#show: remove-cjk-break-space

#show: setoka-theme.with(
  aspect-ratio: "16-9",
  config-info(
    title: [
      PHP を魔改造して学ぶ \
      言語処理系
    ],
    subtitle: [PHPerKaigi 2026],
    author: [nsfisis (いまむら)],
    date: datetime(year: 2026, month: 3, day: 22),
  ),
  config-common(preamble: {
    codly(
      fill: rgb("#eee"),
      lang-format: none,
      number-format: none,
      zebra-fill: none,
    )
  })
)

#set text(font: "BIZ UDPGothic", lang: "ja")
#show raw: set text(font: "UDEV Gothic 35")

#let process-color = rgb("#ffa500").lighten(60%)
#let data-color = rgb("#e0e0e0")

#let overview-diagram() = {
  set text(size: 18pt)
  diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (6mm, 12mm),
    node((0, 0), [ソースコード], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge("-"),
    node((1, 0), [字句解析], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge("-|>"),
    node((2, 0), [トークン列], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge("-"),
    node((3, 0), [構文解析], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((3, 0), (3, 0.5), (-0.75, 0.5), (-0.75, 1), (0, 1), "-|>"),
    node((0, 1), [AST], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge("-"),
    node((1, 1), [コンパイル], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge("-|>"),
    node((2, 1), [opcode], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge("-"),
    node((3, 1), [実行], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge("-|>"),
    node((4, 1), [結果], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
  )
}

#title-slide()

#about-slide()

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  #set text(size: 40pt)
  PHP のソースコードを魔改造して\
  独自の演算子を追加する\
\
  #pause
  PHP 処理系の内部実装を理解する
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  追加する演算子
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 30pt)

  関数合成演算子「`∘`」

  #codly-range(2)
  ```php
  <?php
  $h = $f ∘ $g;
  $h($x); // → $f($g($x))
  ```

  $(f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))$
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 22pt)

  #codly-range(2)
  ```php
  <?php
  $double = fn($x) => $x * 2;
  $add_one = fn($x) => $x + 1;

  $f = $add_one ∘ $double;
  echo $f(3); // → $add_one($double(3)) → 7
  ```
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 22pt)

  #codly-range(2)
  ```php
  <?php
  $double = fn($x) => $x * 2;
  $add_one = fn($x) => $x + 1;
  $negate = fn($x) => -$x;

  $g = $negate ∘ $add_one ∘ $double;
  echo $g(3);
  // → $negate($add_one($double(3)))
  // → -7
  ```
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  実行の流れ

  #overview-diagram()
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  字句解析
  #set text(size: 24pt)

  ソースコードの文字列を\
  トークンの列に分割する処理

  #set text(size: 18pt)

  #diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (5mm, 10mm),
    node-shape: rect,
    node((3.5, 0), [`$g = $negate ∘ $add_one ∘ $double;`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((3.5, 0), (3.5, 1), "-|>"),
  )

  #diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (5mm, 10mm),
    node-shape: rect,
    node((0, 0), [`$g`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((1, 0), [`=`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((2, 0), [`$negate`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((3, 0), [`∘`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((4, 0), [`$add_one`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((5, 0), [`∘`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((6, 0), [`$double`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((7, 0), [`;`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
  )
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  re2c

  #set text(size: 36pt)
  正規表現からコードを生成
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 24pt)

  `zend_language_scanner.l`

  ```re2c
  <ST_IN_SCRIPTING>"\xe2\x88\x98" {
      RETURN_TOKEN(T_COMPOSE);
  }
  ```

  - `\xe2\x88\x98` は `∘` (U+2218) の UTF-8 バイト列
  - `T_COMPOSE` を返す
  - `re2c` が `zend_language_scanner.c` を生成
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  実行の流れ

  #overview-diagram()
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  構文解析
  #set text(size: 24pt)

  トークン列を\
  抽象構文木 (AST) に変換する処理
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  #set text(size: 18pt)

  #diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (5mm, 10mm),
    node-shape: rect,
    node((0, 0), [`$g`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((1, 0), [`=`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((2, 0), [`$negate`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((3, 0), [`∘`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((4, 0), [`$add_one`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((5, 0), [`∘`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((6, 0), [`$double`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((7, 0), [`;`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((3.5, 0), (3.5, 1), "-|>"),
  )

  #diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (8mm, 8mm),
    node-shape: rect,

    node((2, 0), [`ZEND_AST_ASSIGN`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((2, 0), (0.5, 1), "-|>"),
    edge((2, 0), (3.5, 1), "-|>"),
    node((0.5, 1), [`$g`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),

    node((3.5, 1), [`ZEND_AST_COMPOSE`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((3.5, 1), (2, 2), "-|>"),
    edge((3.5, 1), (5, 2), "-|>"),
    node((2, 2), [`$negate`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),

    node((5, 2), [`ZEND_AST_COMPOSE`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((5, 2), (4, 3), "-|>"),
    edge((5, 2), (6, 3), "-|>"),
    node((4, 3), [`$add_one`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((6, 3), [`$double`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
  )
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  bison

  #set text(size: 36pt)
  文法規則からコードを生成
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 20pt)

  `zend_language_parser.y`

  ```c
  /* 優先順位の設定 */
  %left T_PIPE
  %right T_COMPOSE  /* 追加 */
  %left '.'
  ```

  - `|>` より強い
    - `$f ∘ $g |> $h` → `($f ∘ $g) |> $h`
  - 右結合
    - `$f ∘ $g ∘ $h` → `$f ∘ ($g ∘ $h)`
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 20pt)

  `zend_language_parser.y`

  ```c
  /* 文法定義 */
  expr : expr T_COMPOSE expr
       {
           /* f ∘ g の並びを見つけたら AST を構築 */
           $$ = zend_ast_create(ZEND_AST_COMPOSE, $1, $3);
       }
  ```
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  実行の流れ

  #overview-diagram()
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  コンパイル
  #set text(size: 24pt)

  AST を PHP VM の\
  opcode列 (命令列) に変換する処理
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  #set text(size: 16pt)

  #diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (8mm, 8mm),
    node-shape: rect,

    node((2, 0), [`ZEND_AST_ASSIGN`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((2, 0), (0.5, 1), "-|>"),
    edge((2, 0), (3.5, 1), "-|>"),
    node((0.5, 1), [`$g`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),

    node((3.5, 1), [`ZEND_AST_COMPOSE`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((3.5, 1), (2, 2), "-|>"),
    edge((3.5, 1), (5, 2), "-|>"),
    node((2, 2), [`$negate`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),

    node((5, 2), [`ZEND_AST_COMPOSE`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((5, 2), (4, 3), "-|>"),
    edge((5, 2), (6, 3), "-|>"),
    node((4, 3), [`$add_one`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((6, 3), [`$double`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),

    edge((4, 3), (4, 4), "-|>"),
  )

  #diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (5mm, 5mm),
    node-shape: rect,
    node((0, 0), [`ZEND_COMPOSE` \ `$add_one, $double → $0`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((1, 0), [`ZEND_COMPOSE` \ `$negate, $0 → $1`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    node((2, 0), [`ZEND_ASSIGN` \ `$g, $1`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
  )
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 18pt)

  `zend_compile.c`

  ```c
  static void zend_compile_compose(znode *result, zend_ast *ast) {
      zend_ast *lhs_ast = ast->child[0];
      zend_ast *rhs_ast = ast->child[1];
      znode lhs_result, rhs_result;
      zend_compile_expr(&lhs_result, lhs_ast); // 左辺をコンパイル
      zend_compile_expr(&rhs_result, rhs_ast); // 右辺をコンパイル
      // ZEND_COMPOSE opcode を出力
      // 実際の関数合成は実行時に
      zend_emit_op_tmp(result, ZEND_COMPOSE, &lhs_result, &rhs_result);
  }
  ```
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  実行の流れ

  #overview-diagram()
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  `zend_vm_gen.php`

  #set text(size: 36pt)
  テンプレートから VM コードを生成

  #set text(size: 18pt)

  #diagram(
    node-stroke: 0.5pt,
    spacing: (10mm, 5mm),
    node-shape: rect,
    node((0, 1.5), [`zend_vm_def.h`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt),
    edge((0, 1.5), (1, 1.5), "-|>"),
    node((1, 1.5), [`zend_vm_gen.php`], fill: process-color, corner-radius: 2pt, name: <zend_vm_gen_php>),
    node((2, 0), [`zend_vm_execute.h`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt, name: <zend_vm_execute_h>),
    node((2, 1), [`zend_vm_opcodes.h`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt, name: <zend_vm_opcodes_h>),
    node((2, 2), [`zend_vm_opcodes.c`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt, name: <zend_vm_opcodes_c>),
    node((2, 3), [`zend_vm_handlers.h`], fill: data-color, corner-radius: 2pt, name: <zend_vm_handlers_h>),
    edge(<zend_vm_gen_php.east>, <zend_vm_execute_h.west>, "-|>"),
    edge(<zend_vm_gen_php.east>, <zend_vm_opcodes_h.west>, "-|>"),
    edge(<zend_vm_gen_php.east>, <zend_vm_opcodes_c.west>, "-|>"),
    edge(<zend_vm_gen_php.east>, <zend_vm_handlers_h.west>, "-|>"),
  )
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 18pt)

  `zend_vm_def.h`

  ```c
  ZEND_VM_HANDLER(
      211,             // opcode の番号
      ZEND_COMPOSE,    // opcode の名前
      CONST|TMPVAR|CV, // operand 1 の種類
      CONST|TMPVAR|CV) // operand 2 の種類
  {
      /* (略) */
      zend_compose_callables(EX_VAR(opline->result.var), op1, op2);
      /* (略) */
  }
  ```
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 18pt)

  ```c
  ZEND_API void zend_compose_callables(zval *result, zval *lhs, zval *rhs)
  {
      // (略; いい感じに合成後のクロージャのメタデータを初期化)
      // (略; 左辺と右辺の情報をクロージャの $this に埋め込む)
      // (略; いい感じに結果データを生成)
  }
  ```
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  実行の流れ

  #overview-diagram()
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  #set text(size: 32pt)

  PHPerKaigi 2025

  PHPで作るPHP\
  ～セルフホストできる\
  言語処理系を作ろう～
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  #set text(size: 32pt)

  PHPerKaigi 2026

  PHP を魔改造して学ぶ \
  言語処理系
]

---

#[
  #set text(size: 32pt)

  - PHP サブセット実装
    - 複雑なものを単純化して\
      全体像を理解
  - PHP 魔改造
    - 複雑なものを複雑なまま\
      部分的に理解
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  言語処理系を読もう\
  言語処理系を書こう
]

---

#[
  #set align(center + horizon)

  ご静聴 \
  ありがとうございました
]

---

#set text(size: 20pt)

参考文献:

- https://docs.raku.org/routine/o,%20infix%20%E2%88%98
- https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/functions/#Function-composition-and-piping
- https://www.php.net/manual/ja/language.operators.precedence.php
- https://www.npopov.com/2017/04/14/PHP-7-Virtual-machine.html
- https://www.phpinternalsbook.com/