feat(php-shim): implement parse_url and filter_var URL/boolean filters

Back parse_url/parse_url_all with reqwest::Url and add the
FILTER_VALIDATE_URL and FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN arms to filter_var, so
Config::prohibit_url_by_config no longer hits todo!(). reqwest::Url is
not a byte-for-byte port of PHP's parser; the divergences are noted with
TODO(phase-c).

Switch the scheme in_array in prohibit_url_by_config to strict: the
needle is a string-or-null and the haystack holds only non-numeric
string literals, so loose and strict comparison are provably equivalent
here, avoiding a dependency on PHP loose `==` semantics.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

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