feat(php-shim): implement runtime functions to run --version

Replace todo!() stubs reached on the `composer --version` path so the
command runs without panicking and exits cleanly:

- introspection (function_exists, class_exists, extension_loaded,
  defined) via white-lists modeling a standard Linux PHP CLI
- type casts: php_to_string/strval, php_truthy/boolval, substr,
  byte_at, explode, strtr_array
- config/env: error_reporting, ini_get, date_default_timezone_*,
  server_get/server_contains_key, php_uname("s")
- IO: turn PhpResource into an enum (Stdin/Stdout/Stderr/File) and
  implement fwrite/fflush/stream_isatty/php_fopen resource helpers
- shutdown/exit: register_shutdown_function + run_shutdown_functions,
  exit, error_get_last
- preg_match_all_offset_capture via the regex crate; the formatter
  pattern drops PCRE possessive quantifiers (original kept in a
  comment with a TODO)

proc_open reports unavailable for now (TODO(phase-c)); terminal-size
and tty detection fall back to defaults. sprintf calls on this path
are rewritten with format!(). OutputFormatterStyleInterface gains
clone_box to return shared styles.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

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