feat(php-shim): model $_ENV/$_SERVER as OsString snapshots

Rework the environment shim around getenv/putenv on the real environment
and $_ENV/$_SERVER as startup snapshots, all over OsString. Migrate every
caller off the old server()/server_argv() helpers and force the snapshots
in main() before any putenv() runs. Document the porting rules in
docs/dev/env-vars-porting.md.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

1 files changed, 44 insertions, 0 deletions

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+# Environment variable porting
+
+PHP exposes three distinct ways to read process environment variables: the `$_ENV` and `$_SERVER`
+superglobals, and `getenv()`/`putenv()`. They look interchangeable but are not, so Shirabe ports
+each to a separate construct in `crates/shirabe-php-shim/src/env.rs`. Choose the porting target by
+matching the exact PHP construct used in Composer; do not substitute one for another.
+
+## The three are not interchangeable
+
+The three differ in what they observe and when:
+
+* `getenv()`/`putenv()` read and write the real environment variables. `putenv()` mutates the
+  live process environment, so a value set with `putenv()` is inherited by child processes spawned
+  afterwards.
+* `$_ENV` and `$_SERVER` are snapshots taken at startup. They are populated once when the
+  process starts and are not kept in sync afterwards. A later `putenv()` does *not* appear in
+  `$_ENV`/`$_SERVER`, and assigning to `$_ENV`/`$_SERVER` does *not* change the real environment.
+* `$_ENV` and `$_SERVER` are not shared with child processes. Launching an external program via `system()`
+  and friends passes along the real environment (as mutated by `putenv()`), not the
+  `$_ENV`/`$_SERVER` snapshot.
+* Also, `$_ENV` and `$_SERVER` have their own storage; they are not shared.
+
+Because of these differences, porting must preserve which of the three Composer actually used at
+each call site.
+
+## Mapping
+
+| PHP | Shirabe |
+| --- | --- |
+| `getenv()` | `getenv()`/`getenv_all()` |
+| `putenv("K=V")` | `putenv()` |
+| `putenv("K")` (unset) | `putenv_clear()` |
+| `$_ENV` | `PHP_ENV` |
+| `$_SERVER` | `PHP_SERVER` |
+
+## TODOs
+
+The current implementation only models the Rust side. Two things remain unimplemented:
+
+* Propagating `$_ENV`/`$_SERVER` into the real PHP runtime. When Shirabe hands control to PHP
+  (for the plugin API), the PHP side needs to see the same `$_ENV`/`$_SERVER` snapshot Shirabe
+  holds. This is marked `TODO(php-runtime)` in `env.rs` and is not yet wired up.
+* Reflecting PHP-side mutations of `$_ENV`/`$_SERVER` back into Shirabe. How to handle the case
+  where PHP code rewrites `$_ENV` or `$_SERVER` is still TBD.