refactor(backend): introduce DI interfaces for testability

Replace concrete *db.Queries and *pgxpool.Pool dependencies with
db.Querier and db.TxManager interfaces across all handlers, game hub,
and auth. This enables unit testing with mocks.

- Enable sqlc emit_interface to generate Querier interface
- Add TxManager abstraction to encapsulate transactions
- Convert auth package-level functions to Authenticator struct
- Add TaskQueueInterface/TaskWorkerInterface for game.Hub
- Add initial unit tests for game logic and API handlers

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

16 files changed, 467 insertions, 171 deletions

diff --git a/backend/account/icon.go b/backend/account/icon.go
index 8a7ecd0..a4b7c5f 100644
--- a/backend/account/icon.go
+++ b/backend/account/icon.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 
 func FetchIcon(
 	ctx context.Context,
-	q *db.Queries,
+	q db.Querier,
 	userID int,
 ) error {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 15*time.Second)
diff --git a/backend/admin/handler.go b/backend/admin/handler.go
index e8a7921..6ca0a3f 100644
--- a/backend/admin/handler.go
+++ b/backend/admin/handler.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgtype"
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
 
 	"albatross-2026-backend/account"
@@ -22,13 +21,13 @@ import (
 var jst = time.FixedZone("Asia/Tokyo", 9*60*60)
 
 type Handler struct {
-	q    *db.Queries
-	pool *pgxpool.Pool
+	q    db.Querier
+	txm  db.TxManager
 	conf *config.Config
 }
 
-func NewHandler(q *db.Queries, pool *pgxpool.Pool, conf *config.Config) *Handler {
-	return &Handler{q: q, pool: pool, conf: conf}
+func NewHandler(q db.Querier, txm db.TxManager, conf *config.Config) *Handler {
+	return &Handler{q: q, txm: txm, conf: conf}
 }
 
 func (h *Handler) newAdminMiddleware() echo.MiddlewareFunc {
@@ -506,48 +505,35 @@ func (h *Handler) postGameEdit(c echo.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	ctx := c.Request().Context()
-	tx, err := h.pool.Begin(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		if err := tx.Rollback(ctx); err != nil && err != pgx.ErrTxClosed {
-			slog.Error("failed to rollback transaction", "error", err)
+	err = h.txm.RunInTx(ctx, func(qtx db.Querier) error {
+		if err := qtx.UpdateGame(ctx, db.UpdateGameParams{
+			GameID:          int32(gameID),
+			GameType:        gameType,
+			IsPublic:        isPublic,
+			DisplayName:     displayName,
+			DurationSeconds: int32(durationSeconds),
+			StartedAt:       changedStartedAt,
+			ProblemID:       int32(problemID),
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-	}()
-
-	qtx := h.q.WithTx(tx)
-	err = qtx.UpdateGame(ctx, db.UpdateGameParams{
-		GameID:          int32(gameID),
-		GameType:        gameType,
-		IsPublic:        isPublic,
-		DisplayName:     displayName,
-		DurationSeconds: int32(durationSeconds),
-		StartedAt:       changedStartedAt,
-		ProblemID:       int32(problemID),
+		if err := qtx.RemoveAllMainPlayers(ctx, int32(gameID)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for _, userID := range mainPlayers {
+			if err := qtx.AddMainPlayer(ctx, db.AddMainPlayerParams{
+				GameID: int32(gameID),
+				UserID: int32(userID),
+			}); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
 	}
 
-	err = qtx.RemoveAllMainPlayers(ctx, int32(gameID))
-	if err != nil {
-		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-	}
-	for _, userID := range mainPlayers {
-		err = qtx.AddMainPlayer(ctx, db.AddMainPlayerParams{
-			GameID: int32(gameID),
-			UserID: int32(userID),
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := tx.Commit(ctx); err != nil {
-		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-	}
-
 	return c.Redirect(http.StatusSeeOther, h.conf.BasePath+"admin/games")
 }
 
diff --git a/backend/api/auth_middleware.go b/backend/api/auth_middleware.go
index d721f1d..0b0dfc8 100644
--- a/backend/api/auth_middleware.go
+++ b/backend/api/auth_middleware.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 type sessionIDContextKey struct{}
 type userContextKey struct{}
 
-func SessionCookieMiddleware(q *db.Queries) echo.MiddlewareFunc {
+func SessionCookieMiddleware(q db.Querier) echo.MiddlewareFunc {
 	return func(next echo.HandlerFunc) echo.HandlerFunc {
 		return func(c echo.Context) error {
 			cookie, err := c.Cookie("albatross_session")
diff --git a/backend/api/handler.go b/backend/api/handler.go
index 3fe7e3c..7efacf3 100644
--- a/backend/api/handler.go
+++ b/backend/api/handler.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgtype"
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
 	"github.com/oapi-codegen/nullable"
 
@@ -20,10 +19,15 @@ import (
 	"albatross-2026-backend/db"
 )
 
+type AuthenticatorInterface interface {
+	Login(ctx context.Context, username, password string) (int, error)
+}
+
 type Handler struct {
-	q    *db.Queries
-	pool *pgxpool.Pool
+	q    db.Querier
+	txm  db.TxManager
 	hub  GameHubInterface
+	auth AuthenticatorInterface
 	conf *config.Config
 }
 
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ func (r postLoginCookieResponse) VisitPostLoginResponse(w http.ResponseWriter) e
 func (h *Handler) PostLogin(ctx context.Context, request PostLoginRequestObject) (PostLoginResponseObject, error) {
 	username := request.Body.Username
 	password := request.Body.Password
-	userID, err := auth.Login(ctx, h.q, h.pool, username, password)
+	userID, err := h.auth.Login(ctx, username, password)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Error("login failed", "error", err)
 		var msg string
@@ -419,40 +423,29 @@ func (h *Handler) PostGamePlaySubmit(ctx context.Context, request PostGamePlaySu
 		}, nil
 	}
 
-	tx, err := h.pool.Begin(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		if err := tx.Rollback(ctx); err != nil && err != pgx.ErrTxClosed {
-			slog.Error("failed to rollback transaction", "error", err)
+	var submissionID int32
+	err = h.txm.RunInTx(ctx, func(qtx db.Querier) error {
+		if err := qtx.UpdateCodeAndStatus(ctx, db.UpdateCodeAndStatusParams{
+			GameID: int32(gameID),
+			UserID: user.UserID,
+			Code:   code,
+			Status: "running",
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-	}()
-
-	qtx := h.q.WithTx(tx)
-	err = qtx.UpdateCodeAndStatus(ctx, db.UpdateCodeAndStatusParams{
-		GameID: int32(gameID),
-		UserID: user.UserID,
-		Code:   code,
-		Status: "running",
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-	}
-	submissionID, err := qtx.CreateSubmission(ctx, db.CreateSubmissionParams{
-		GameID:   int32(gameID),
-		UserID:   user.UserID,
-		Code:     code,
-		CodeSize: int32(codeSize),
+		var err error
+		submissionID, err = qtx.CreateSubmission(ctx, db.CreateSubmissionParams{
+			GameID:   int32(gameID),
+			UserID:   user.UserID,
+			Code:     code,
+			CodeSize: int32(codeSize),
+		})
+		return err
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
 	}
 
-	if err := tx.Commit(ctx); err != nil {
-		return nil, echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
-	}
-
 	err = h.hub.EnqueueTestTasks(ctx, int(submissionID), gameID, int(user.UserID), language, code)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
diff --git a/backend/api/handler_test.go b/backend/api/handler_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47ad92c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/api/handler_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgtype"
+
+	"albatross-2026-backend/config"
+	"albatross-2026-backend/db"
+)
+
+// mockQuerier implements db.Querier for testing.
+type mockQuerier struct {
+	db.Querier
+	getGameByIDFunc func(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) (db.GetGameByIDRow, error)
+}
+
+func (m *mockQuerier) GetGameByID(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) (db.GetGameByIDRow, error) {
+	if m.getGameByIDFunc != nil {
+		return m.getGameByIDFunc(ctx, gameID)
+	}
+	return db.GetGameByIDRow{}, pgx.ErrNoRows
+}
+
+// mockTxManager implements db.TxManager for testing.
+type mockTxManager struct{}
+
+func (m *mockTxManager) RunInTx(ctx context.Context, fn func(q db.Querier) error) error {
+	return fn(&mockQuerier{})
+}
+
+// mockGameHub implements GameHubInterface for testing.
+type mockGameHub struct {
+	calcCodeSizeResult int
+	enqueueErr         error
+}
+
+func (m *mockGameHub) CalcCodeSize(_ string, _ string) int {
+	return m.calcCodeSizeResult
+}
+
+func (m *mockGameHub) EnqueueTestTasks(_ context.Context, _, _, _ int, _, _ string) error {
+	return m.enqueueErr
+}
+
+// mockAuthenticator implements AuthenticatorInterface for testing.
+type mockAuthenticator struct {
+	loginResult int
+	loginErr    error
+}
+
+func (m *mockAuthenticator) Login(_ context.Context, _, _ string) (int, error) {
+	return m.loginResult, m.loginErr
+}
+
+func TestPostGamePlaySubmit_GameNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	h := Handler{
+		q:    &mockQuerier{},
+		txm:  &mockTxManager{},
+		hub:  &mockGameHub{},
+		auth: &mockAuthenticator{},
+		conf: &config.Config{},
+	}
+	user := &db.User{UserID: 1}
+	resp, err := h.PostGamePlaySubmit(context.Background(), PostGamePlaySubmitRequestObject{
+		GameID: 999,
+		Body:   &PostGamePlaySubmitJSONRequestBody{Code: "test"},
+	}, user)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, ok := resp.(PostGamePlaySubmit404JSONResponse); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("expected 404 response, got %T", resp)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPostGamePlaySubmit_GameNotRunning(t *testing.T) {
+	h := Handler{
+		q: &mockQuerier{
+			getGameByIDFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ int32) (db.GetGameByIDRow, error) {
+				return db.GetGameByIDRow{
+					GameID:   1,
+					Language: "php",
+					StartedAt: pgtype.Timestamp{
+						Valid: false,
+					},
+				}, nil
+			},
+		},
+		txm:  &mockTxManager{},
+		hub:  &mockGameHub{calcCodeSizeResult: 10},
+		auth: &mockAuthenticator{},
+		conf: &config.Config{},
+	}
+	user := &db.User{UserID: 1}
+	resp, err := h.PostGamePlaySubmit(context.Background(), PostGamePlaySubmitRequestObject{
+		GameID: 1,
+		Body:   &PostGamePlaySubmitJSONRequestBody{Code: "<?php echo 1;"},
+	}, user)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if r, ok := resp.(PostGamePlaySubmit403JSONResponse); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("expected 403 response, got %T", resp)
+	} else if r.Message != "Game is not running" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected message: %s", r.Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPostLogin_AuthFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	h := Handler{
+		q:    &mockQuerier{},
+		txm:  &mockTxManager{},
+		hub:  &mockGameHub{},
+		auth: &mockAuthenticator{loginErr: errors.New("invalid credentials")},
+		conf: &config.Config{},
+	}
+	resp, err := h.PostLogin(context.Background(), PostLoginRequestObject{
+		Body: &PostLoginJSONRequestBody{Username: "user", Password: "wrong"},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, ok := resp.(PostLogin401JSONResponse); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("expected 401 response, got %T", resp)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/backend/api/handler_wrapper.go b/backend/api/handler_wrapper.go
index 7448d13..28b89e4 100644
--- a/backend/api/handler_wrapper.go
+++ b/backend/api/handler_wrapper.go
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ package api
 import (
 	"context"
 
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
-
 	"albatross-2026-backend/config"
 	"albatross-2026-backend/db"
 )
@@ -17,12 +15,13 @@ type HandlerWrapper struct {
 	impl Handler
 }
 
-func NewHandler(queries *db.Queries, pool *pgxpool.Pool, hub GameHubInterface, conf *config.Config) *HandlerWrapper {
+func NewHandler(queries db.Querier, txm db.TxManager, hub GameHubInterface, auth AuthenticatorInterface, conf *config.Config) *HandlerWrapper {
 	return &HandlerWrapper{
 		impl: Handler{
 			q:    queries,
-			pool: pool,
+			txm:  txm,
 			hub:  hub,
+			auth: auth,
 			conf: conf,
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/backend/auth/auth.go b/backend/auth/auth.go
index 7d9a4c2..a1fcb64 100644
--- a/backend/auth/auth.go
+++ b/backend/auth/auth.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
 
 	"albatross-2026-backend/account"
@@ -15,28 +14,32 @@ import (
 	"albatross-2026-backend/fortee"
 )
 
-var (
-	ErrForteeLoginTimeout = errors.New("fortee login timeout")
-)
+var ErrForteeLoginTimeout = errors.New("fortee login timeout")
 
 const (
 	forteeAPITimeout = 3 * time.Second
 )
 
-func Login(
+type Authenticator struct {
+	q   db.Querier
+	txm db.TxManager
+}
+
+func NewAuthenticator(q db.Querier, txm db.TxManager) *Authenticator {
+	return &Authenticator{q: q, txm: txm}
+}
+
+func (a *Authenticator) Login(
 	ctx context.Context,
-	queries *db.Queries,
-	pool *pgxpool.Pool,
 	username string,
 	password string,
 ) (int, error) {
-	userAuth, err := queries.GetUserAuthByUsername(ctx, username)
+	userAuth, err := a.q.GetUserAuthByUsername(ctx, username)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	if userAuth.AuthType == "password" {
-		// Authenticate with password.
 		passwordHash := userAuth.PasswordHash
 		if passwordHash == nil {
 			return 0, errors.New("inconsistent data: password auth type but no password hash")
@@ -48,14 +51,11 @@ func Login(
 		return int(userAuth.UserID), nil
 	}
 
-	// Authenticate with fortee.
-	return verifyForteeAccountOrSignup(ctx, queries, pool, username, password)
+	return a.verifyForteeAccountOrSignup(ctx, username, password)
 }
 
-func verifyForteeAccountOrSignup(
+func (a *Authenticator) verifyForteeAccountOrSignup(
 	ctx context.Context,
-	queries *db.Queries,
-	pool *pgxpool.Pool,
 	username string,
 	password string,
 ) (int, error) {
@@ -63,58 +63,40 @@ func verifyForteeAccountOrSignup(
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	userID, err := queries.GetUserIDByUsername(ctx, canonicalizedUsername)
+	userID, err := a.q.GetUserIDByUsername(ctx, canonicalizedUsername)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
-			return signup(
-				ctx,
-				queries,
-				pool,
-				canonicalizedUsername,
-			)
+			return a.signup(ctx, canonicalizedUsername)
 		}
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	return int(userID), nil
 }
 
-func signup(
+func (a *Authenticator) signup(
 	ctx context.Context,
-	queries *db.Queries,
-	pool *pgxpool.Pool,
 	username string,
 ) (int, error) {
-	tx, err := pool.Begin(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		if err := tx.Rollback(ctx); err != nil && err != pgx.ErrTxClosed {
-			slog.Error("failed to rollback transaction", "error", err)
+	var userID int32
+	err := a.txm.RunInTx(ctx, func(qtx db.Querier) error {
+		var err error
+		userID, err = qtx.CreateUser(ctx, username)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-	}()
-
-	qtx := queries.WithTx(tx)
-	userID, err := qtx.CreateUser(ctx, username)
+		return qtx.CreateUserAuth(ctx, db.CreateUserAuthParams{
+			UserID:   userID,
+			AuthType: "fortee",
+		})
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	if err := qtx.CreateUserAuth(ctx, db.CreateUserAuthParams{
-		UserID:   userID,
-		AuthType: "fortee",
-	}); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-
-	if err := tx.Commit(ctx); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
 
 	go func() {
-		err := account.FetchIcon(context.Background(), queries, int(userID))
+		err := account.FetchIcon(context.Background(), a.q, int(userID))
 		if err != nil {
 			slog.Error("failed to fetch icon", "error", err)
-			// The failure is intentionally ignored. Retry manually if needed.
 		}
 	}()
 	return int(userID), nil
diff --git a/backend/db/querier.go b/backend/db/querier.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89d4b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/db/querier.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Code generated by sqlc. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+//   sqlc v1.30.0
+
+package db
+
+import (
+	"context"
+)
+
+type Querier interface {
+	AddMainPlayer(ctx context.Context, arg AddMainPlayerParams) error
+	AggregateTestcaseResults(ctx context.Context, submissionID int32) (string, error)
+	CreateGame(ctx context.Context, arg CreateGameParams) (int32, error)
+	CreateProblem(ctx context.Context, arg CreateProblemParams) (int32, error)
+	CreateSession(ctx context.Context, arg CreateSessionParams) error
+	CreateSubmission(ctx context.Context, arg CreateSubmissionParams) (int32, error)
+	CreateTestcase(ctx context.Context, arg CreateTestcaseParams) (int32, error)
+	CreateTestcaseResult(ctx context.Context, arg CreateTestcaseResultParams) error
+	CreateUser(ctx context.Context, username string) (int32, error)
+	CreateUserAuth(ctx context.Context, arg CreateUserAuthParams) error
+	DeleteExpiredSessions(ctx context.Context) error
+	DeleteSession(ctx context.Context, sessionID string) error
+	DeleteTestcase(ctx context.Context, testcaseID int32) error
+	GetGameByID(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) (GetGameByIDRow, error)
+	GetLatestState(ctx context.Context, arg GetLatestStateParams) (GetLatestStateRow, error)
+	GetLatestStatesOfMainPlayers(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) ([]GetLatestStatesOfMainPlayersRow, error)
+	GetProblemByID(ctx context.Context, problemID int32) (Problem, error)
+	GetQualifyingRanking(ctx context.Context, arg GetQualifyingRankingParams) ([]GetQualifyingRankingRow, error)
+	GetRanking(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) ([]GetRankingRow, error)
+	GetSubmissionByID(ctx context.Context, submissionID int32) (Submission, error)
+	GetSubmissionsByGameID(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) ([]Submission, error)
+	GetTestcaseByID(ctx context.Context, testcaseID int32) (Testcase, error)
+	GetTestcaseResultsBySubmissionID(ctx context.Context, submissionID int32) ([]TestcaseResult, error)
+	GetUserAuthByUsername(ctx context.Context, username string) (GetUserAuthByUsernameRow, error)
+	GetUserByID(ctx context.Context, userID int32) (User, error)
+	GetUserBySession(ctx context.Context, sessionID string) (User, error)
+	GetUserIDByUsername(ctx context.Context, username string) (int32, error)
+	ListAllGames(ctx context.Context) ([]Game, error)
+	ListGameStateIDs(ctx context.Context) ([]ListGameStateIDsRow, error)
+	ListMainPlayers(ctx context.Context, dollar_1 []int32) ([]ListMainPlayersRow, error)
+	ListProblems(ctx context.Context) ([]Problem, error)
+	ListPublicGames(ctx context.Context) ([]ListPublicGamesRow, error)
+	ListSubmissionIDs(ctx context.Context) ([]int32, error)
+	ListTestcases(ctx context.Context) ([]Testcase, error)
+	ListTestcasesByGameID(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) ([]Testcase, error)
+	ListTestcasesByProblemID(ctx context.Context, problemID int32) ([]Testcase, error)
+	ListUsers(ctx context.Context) ([]User, error)
+	RemoveAllMainPlayers(ctx context.Context, gameID int32) error
+	SyncGameStateBestScoreSubmission(ctx context.Context, arg SyncGameStateBestScoreSubmissionParams) error
+	UpdateCode(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateCodeParams) error
+	UpdateCodeAndStatus(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateCodeAndStatusParams) error
+	UpdateGame(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateGameParams) error
+	UpdateGameStartedAt(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateGameStartedAtParams) error
+	UpdateGameStateStatus(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateGameStateStatusParams) error
+	UpdateProblem(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateProblemParams) error
+	UpdateSubmissionStatus(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateSubmissionStatusParams) error
+	UpdateTestcase(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateTestcaseParams) error
+	UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateUserParams) error
+	UpdateUserIconPath(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateUserIconPathParams) error
+}
+
+var _ Querier = (*Queries)(nil)
diff --git a/backend/db/txmanager.go b/backend/db/txmanager.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9495288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/db/txmanager.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package db
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
+)
+
+type TxManager interface {
+	RunInTx(ctx context.Context, fn func(q Querier) error) error
+}
+
+type PgxTxManager struct {
+	pool    *pgxpool.Pool
+	queries *Queries
+}
+
+func NewTxManager(pool *pgxpool.Pool, queries *Queries) *PgxTxManager {
+	return &PgxTxManager{pool: pool, queries: queries}
+}
+
+func (m *PgxTxManager) RunInTx(ctx context.Context, fn func(q Querier) error) error {
+	tx, err := m.pool.Begin(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := tx.Rollback(ctx); err != nil && err != pgx.ErrTxClosed {
+			slog.Error("failed to rollback transaction", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	qtx := m.queries.WithTx(tx)
+	if err := fn(qtx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit(ctx)
+}
diff --git a/backend/game/hub.go b/backend/game/hub.go
index d918543..9c193f2 100644
--- a/backend/game/hub.go
+++ b/backend/game/hub.go
@@ -7,25 +7,31 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
-
 	"albatross-2026-backend/db"
 	"albatross-2026-backend/taskqueue"
 )
 
+type TaskQueueInterface interface {
+	EnqueueTaskRunTestcase(gameID, userID, submissionID, testcaseID int, language, code, stdin, stdout string) error
+}
+
+type TaskWorkerInterface interface {
+	Run() error
+	Results() chan taskqueue.TaskResult
+}
+
 type Hub struct {
-	q          *db.Queries
-	pool       *pgxpool.Pool
+	q          db.Querier
+	txm        db.TxManager
 	ctx        context.Context
-	taskQueue  *taskqueue.Queue
-	taskWorker *taskqueue.WorkerServer
+	taskQueue  TaskQueueInterface
+	taskWorker TaskWorkerInterface
 }
 
-func NewGameHub(q *db.Queries, pool *pgxpool.Pool, taskQueue *taskqueue.Queue, taskWorker *taskqueue.WorkerServer) *Hub {
+func NewGameHub(q db.Querier, txm db.TxManager, taskQueue TaskQueueInterface, taskWorker TaskWorkerInterface) *Hub {
 	return &Hub{
 		q:          q,
-		pool:       pool,
+		txm:        txm,
 		ctx:        context.Background(),
 		taskQueue:  taskQueue,
 		taskWorker: taskWorker,
@@ -104,40 +110,30 @@ func (hub *Hub) processTaskResults() {
 }
 
 func (hub *Hub) updateSubmissionAndGameState(taskResult *taskqueue.TaskResultRunTestcase, aggregatedStatus string) error {
-	tx, err := hub.pool.Begin(hub.ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		if err := tx.Rollback(hub.ctx); err != nil && err != pgx.ErrTxClosed {
-			slog.Error("failed to rollback transaction", "error", err)
+	return hub.txm.RunInTx(hub.ctx, func(qtx db.Querier) error {
+		if err := qtx.UpdateSubmissionStatus(hub.ctx, db.UpdateSubmissionStatusParams{
+			SubmissionID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.SubmissionID),
+			Status:       aggregatedStatus,
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-	}()
-
-	qtx := hub.q.WithTx(tx)
-	if err := qtx.UpdateSubmissionStatus(hub.ctx, db.UpdateSubmissionStatusParams{
-		SubmissionID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.SubmissionID),
-		Status:       aggregatedStatus,
-	}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := qtx.UpdateGameStateStatus(hub.ctx, db.UpdateGameStateStatusParams{
-		GameID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.GameID),
-		UserID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.UserID),
-		Status: aggregatedStatus,
-	}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if aggregatedStatus == "success" {
-		if err := qtx.SyncGameStateBestScoreSubmission(hub.ctx, db.SyncGameStateBestScoreSubmissionParams{
+		if err := qtx.UpdateGameStateStatus(hub.ctx, db.UpdateGameStateStatusParams{
 			GameID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.GameID),
 			UserID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.UserID),
+			Status: aggregatedStatus,
 		}); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}
-
-	return tx.Commit(hub.ctx)
+		if aggregatedStatus == "success" {
+			if err := qtx.SyncGameStateBestScoreSubmission(hub.ctx, db.SyncGameStateBestScoreSubmissionParams{
+				GameID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.GameID),
+				UserID: int32(taskResult.TaskPayload.UserID),
+			}); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }
 
 func (hub *Hub) processTaskResultRunTestcase(
diff --git a/backend/game/hub_test.go b/backend/game/hub_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8fad58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/game/hub_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package game
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestCalcCodeSize_PHP(t *testing.T) {
+	hub := &Hub{}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		code     string
+		language string
+		want     int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "simple php code",
+			code:     "<?php echo 1;",
+			language: "php",
+			want:     6, // "echo1;" after stripping whitespace and "<?php"
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "php with short open tag",
+			code:     "<? echo 1;",
+			language: "php",
+			want:     6, // "echo1;" after stripping whitespace and "<?"
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "php with closing tag",
+			code:     "<?php echo 1; ?>",
+			language: "php",
+			want:     6, // "echo1;" after stripping whitespace, "<?php", and "?>"
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "php with whitespace",
+			code:     "<?php echo   1 ;  ?>",
+			language: "php",
+			want:     6,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "non-php language",
+			code:     "print(1)",
+			language: "swift",
+			want:     8,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := hub.CalcCodeSize(tt.code, tt.language)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("CalcCodeSize(%q, %q) = %d, want %d", tt.code, tt.language, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsTestcaseResultCorrect(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		expected string
+		actual   string
+		want     bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "exact match",
+			expected: "hello",
+			actual:   "hello",
+			want:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "trailing newline ignored",
+			expected: "hello\n",
+			actual:   "hello",
+			want:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "CRLF normalized",
+			expected: "hello\r\n",
+			actual:   "hello\n",
+			want:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "mismatch",
+			expected: "hello",
+			actual:   "world",
+			want:     false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "multiline match",
+			expected: "line1\nline2",
+			actual:   "line1\nline2\n",
+			want:     true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := isTestcaseResultCorrect(tt.expected, tt.actual)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("isTestcaseResultCorrect(%q, %q) = %v, want %v", tt.expected, tt.actual, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/backend/gen/api/handler_wrapper_gen.go b/backend/gen/api/handler_wrapper_gen.go
index 1a948a7..e3e56c1 100644
--- a/backend/gen/api/handler_wrapper_gen.go
+++ b/backend/gen/api/handler_wrapper_gen.go
@@ -105,8 +105,6 @@ package api
 import (
 	"context"
 
-	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
-
 	"albatross-2026-backend/config"
 	"albatross-2026-backend/db"
 )
@@ -117,12 +115,13 @@ type HandlerWrapper struct {
 	impl Handler
 }
 
-func NewHandler(queries *db.Queries, pool *pgxpool.Pool, hub GameHubInterface, conf *config.Config) *HandlerWrapper {
+func NewHandler(queries db.Querier, txm db.TxManager, hub GameHubInterface, auth AuthenticatorInterface, conf *config.Config) *HandlerWrapper {
 	return &HandlerWrapper{
 		impl: Handler{
 			q:    queries,
-			pool: pool,
+			txm:  txm,
 			hub:  hub,
+			auth: auth,
 			conf: conf,
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/backend/gen/sqlc.yaml b/backend/gen/sqlc.yaml
index c56e44b..98dec89 100644
--- a/backend/gen/sqlc.yaml
+++ b/backend/gen/sqlc.yaml
@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ sql:
         out: "../db"
         sql_package: "pgx/v5"
         emit_pointers_for_null_types: true
+        emit_interface: true
diff --git a/backend/justfile b/backend/justfile
index a74047f..1897cab 100644
--- a/backend/justfile
+++ b/backend/justfile
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ check:
     go build -o /dev/null ./...
     go tool golangci-lint run
 
-ci: check
+test:
+    go test ./...
 
 gen:
     go generate ./...
diff --git a/backend/main.go b/backend/main.go
index 01ed784..f936cf4 100644
--- a/backend/main.go
+++ b/backend/main.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 	"albatross-2026-backend/admin"
 	"albatross-2026-backend/api"
+	"albatross-2026-backend/auth"
 	"albatross-2026-backend/config"
 	"albatross-2026-backend/db"
 	"albatross-2026-backend/game"
@@ -61,6 +62,8 @@ func main() {
 	defer connPool.Close()
 
 	queries := db.New(connPool)
+	txm := db.NewTxManager(connPool, queries)
+	authenticator := auth.NewAuthenticator(queries, txm)
 
 	e := echo.New()
 	e.Renderer = admin.NewRenderer()
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ func main() {
 	taskQueue := taskqueue.NewQueue("task-db:6379")
 	workerServer := taskqueue.NewWorkerServer("task-db:6379")
 
-	gameHub := game.NewGameHub(queries, connPool, taskQueue, workerServer)
+	gameHub := game.NewGameHub(queries, txm, taskQueue, workerServer)
 
 	loginRL := ratelimit.NewIPRateLimiter(rate.Every(time.Minute/5), 5)
 
@@ -99,10 +102,10 @@ func main() {
 	apiGroup.Use(ratelimit.LoginRateLimitMiddleware(loginRL))
 	apiGroup.Use(api.SessionCookieMiddleware(queries))
 	apiGroup.Use(oapimiddleware.OapiRequestValidator(openAPISpec))
-	apiHandler := api.NewHandler(queries, connPool, gameHub, conf)
+	apiHandler := api.NewHandler(queries, txm, gameHub, authenticator, conf)
 	api.RegisterHandlers(apiGroup, api.NewStrictHandler(apiHandler, nil))
 
-	adminHandler := admin.NewHandler(queries, connPool, conf)
+	adminHandler := admin.NewHandler(queries, txm, conf)
 	adminGroup := e.Group(conf.BasePath + "admin")
 	adminGroup.Use(api.SessionCookieMiddleware(queries))
 	adminHandler.RegisterHandlers(adminGroup)
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index 73f0219..fe4c6b2 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -56,3 +56,6 @@ check:
     cd backend; just check
     cd worker/swift; just check
     npm -w frontend run check
+
+test:
+    cd backend; just test